Este artículo busca demostrar que el pensamiento de Paul Valéry desarrolla un análisis crítico de las condiciones en que el arte establece su relación con el sistema económico moderno. Para validar dicha hipótesis, inicialmente es presentada la noción de “máquina económica”, con la que es descrita la teoría de la economía, y son definidas las características de los objetos útiles e inútiles que componen el mercado. A su turno, el artículo detalla el proceso histórico de la mercantilización del arte en (...) la época moderna, y aclara las razones por las cuales los productores y consumidores de obras artísticas asumen una forma de apropiación diferente hacia estas. Se prueba que, debido a la primacía de la naturaleza simbólica de la obra artística, la generación y actualización de su valor cuantitativo y cualitativo se enfrenta a un alto grado de indeterminabilidad. También se demuestra la existencia de una teoría estética argumentada con la que el autor francés propone la apreciación del valor de la obra. Por último, es descrito el papel que debe asumir la crítica ante la producción artística destinada para el consumo social. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza los argumentos biologicistas a través de los cuales Paul Valéry interpreta el fenómeno de la vida. Para ello, se empieza por mostrar el poder creativo que revela la naturaleza en virtud de las leyes de estructuración y orden que comienzan a hacerse visibles a nivel de las estructuras moleculares que dan forma al universo. Después de eso, se estudia la redefinición que el autor hace del concepto de materia, a la luz de los hallazgos científicos alcanzados en (...) su época. Luego, son expuestas las características esenciales de la vida, determinadas por la integración complementaria entre la ley de conservación y la ley de transformación de la naturaleza. Asimismo, son presentados los planteamientos por los cuales el fenómeno de la muerte es tomado como una propiedad característica de la vida, al igual que los argumentos por los cuales la vida es considerada como producto del azar. Finalmente, se hace referencia a la precariedad y finitud de la vida, explicitadas por Valéry desde la teoría del evolucionismo. (shrink)

Entre octubre de 1867 y abril de 1868 Nietzsche escribe una larga anotación en donde consigna toda una serie de importantes reparos al sistema filosófico de Schopenhauer. Estos apuntes gozan de significativa importancia ya que, vistos desde una amplia perspectiva, muestran la preocupación del joven filósofo por clarificar a partir de esa temprana época el horizonte conceptual del cual parte; a su vez, desde un punto de vista más específico, nos permiten rastrear algunos de los elementos iniciales que motivarán la (...) posterior crítica radical a la filosofía schopenhaueriana. En este ensayo se analizan los distintos cuestionamientos formulados por Nietzsche frente a la homologación de la voluntad como cosa en sí y la argumentación con la que se define su tránsito hacia el plano de la representación. (shrink)

Patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease experience cognitive impairment and physical disabilities in daily life. Currently, there are no treatments available to slow down the course of the disease, and limited treatments exist only to treat symptoms. However, deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert has been reported to improve cognitive function in individuals with AD. Here, we report the effects of NBM-DBS on cognitive function in a subject with severe AD. An 80-year-old male with severe AD underwent surgery (...) for bilateral NBM-DBS electrode placement. After 10 weeks of stimulation, Mini-Mental State Examination assessment improved from a score of 5 to 9 points, and assessment using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale showed a marked reduction in total score from 43 to 33 points, suggesting cognitive benefits from NBM-DBS. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by a subdural effusion that occurred several days after surgery, with complete recovery. Interestingly, the subject also displayed abnormal thermoregulation with stimulation initiation and stimulation parameter modifications. NBM-DBS may serve as a potential therapy for severe AD patients.Clinical Trial Registration: ChiCTR1900022324. (shrink)

In the context of a didactic for learning and updating the texts and classical languages, this work proposes a translation and interpretation of the philosophical and political sense of the fable The Aged Horse of Babrius. The translation follows the Greek version of Crusius and the Gredos edition, while the interpretation is based on the philosophical and political reflections of Cicero and Plutarch in On old Age and Whether an old man should engage in plublic affairs. These reflections can also (...) be seen from a statistical analysis of Long-Lived Men of Lucian of Samosata. Thus, the meaning of the fable says that young statesmen should avoid becoming the next useless politicians or “old horses” of the State. This reflection contributes today to weigh the political participation of young people and updates the civic importance of the elderly in their intervention on public affairs. (shrink)

Coference papers from the X National Seminar of Theory and History of the Art carried out in Medellín to address certain implications that the question entails, for both art and philosophy. For art: Why and since when do we think that art without aesthetics is something reprehensible or desirable? For philosophy: Is it irremovable or not the turn that the philosophical aesthetic took towards the experience of art from the eighteenth century? At the heart of these questions is a basic (...) concern: Who needs more aesthetics (taste, pleasure, beauty): art or human life?. (shrink)

Este artículo examina las concepciones de justicia y bien desde lasperspectivas de John Rawls y Milton Fisk. Enfatizamos en los principalespostulados y diferencias que suponen esas nociones en el marco delliberalismo político y las realidades sociales contemporáneas. En primerlugar discutimos el concepto de bienes primarios elaborado por Rawls y surelación con la igualdad social. Señalamos como este concepto se ajustamás a condiciones procedimentales que a realidades concretas. En segundolugar discutimos las nociones de bienes públicos y justicia radical de Fisk (...) apartir de una moral política no formalista construida en el marco de proyectossolidarios y de bienes sustantivos y colectivos. (shrink)

DBS Think Tank IX was held on August 25–27, 2021 in Orlando FL with US based participants largely in person and overseas participants joining by video conferencing technology. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 and provides an open platform where clinicians, engineers and researchers can freely discuss current and emerging deep brain stimulation technologies as well as the logistical and ethical issues facing the field. The consensus among the DBS Think Tank IX speakers was that DBS expanded in (...) its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. After collectively sharing our experiences, it was estimated that globally more than 230,000 DBS devices have been implanted for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. As such, this year’s meeting was focused on advances in the following areas: neuromodulation in Europe, Asia and Australia; cutting-edge technologies, neuroethics, interventional psychiatry, adaptive DBS, neuromodulation for pain, network neuromodulation for epilepsy and neuromodulation for traumatic brain injury. (shrink)

Resumen:El texto está dirigido al estudiante especializado que desee no solo aprender distintos sistemas lógicos, sino que, también, quiera acercarse a las bases epistemológicas y ontológicas que conforman la naturaleza de la disciplina, esto es, en principio, a la filosofía de la lógica. Pero, esto hay que aclararlo, pues en el prefacio de la obra el autor anuncia que: “En este texto abrazaremos la ambigüedad, introduciendo a los estudiantes en la lógica filosófica en ambos sentidos” (XVI). ¿Cuál ambigüedad de sentidos (...) es esa? Se trata de la ambigüedad que se escondería en el término mismo philosophical logic, pues podría ser entendido en los siguientes sentidos: referido a una investigación de los conceptos, alcances y propiedades y bases teóricas y filosóficas centrales de la lógica, o bien como el desarrollo técnico de determinados sistemas lógicos, en sus métodos y operatorias. En otras palabras, como filosofía de la lógica o como lógica sin más. (shrink)

The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is a multilateral, multisectoral partnership comprised of more than 70 countries, international organizations, foundations, and businesses to strengthen global health security.

John Bickle propuso recientemente una lectura metacientífica de ciertas prácticas neurocientíficas vinculadas a fenómenos tradicionalmente estudiados por la psicología. Según esta postura, el proceder explicativo preponderante en neurociencias trata de aplicar reducciones empíricas que expliquen fenómenos psicológicos en términos celulares y moleculares, relegando el papel de la psicología al de una mera heurística, sin poder explicativo. De esta forma, de acuerdo a la fuerza de las conclusiones alcanzadas mediante este procedimiento, se pone en jaque el valor de las explicaciones (...) funcionales psicológicas. En este trabajo, se buscará reformular algunas de estas desafiantes propuestas planteadas en filosofía de las neurociencias. Para este fin, se mostrarán las principales debilidades de la propuesta de Bickle. También se pondrán en perspectiva algunas características (¿reduccionistas, eliminativistas?) del reduccionismo despiadado, mostrando que este modelo quizás represente solo una lectura de la utilización pragmática de ciertos métodos en neurociencias, antes que una declaración de principios generalizables a toda la ciencia cognitiva. (shrink)

IntroductionDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is increasingly used to treat the symptoms of various neurologic and psychiatric conditions. People can undergo the procedure during reproductive years but the safety of DBS in pregnancy remains relatively unknown given the paucity of published cases. We thus conducted a review of the literature to determine the state of current knowledge about DBS in pregnancy and to determine how eligibility criteria are approached in clinical trials with respect to pregnancy and the potential for pregnancy.MethodsA literature (...) review was conducted in EMBASE to identify articles involving DBS and pregnancy. Two reviewers independently analyzed the articles to confirm inclusion. Data extracted for analysis included conditions treated, complications at all stages of pregnancy, neonatal/pediatric outcomes, and DBS target. A second search was then conducted using www.clinicaltrials.gov. The same two reviewers then assessed whether each trial excluded pregnant individuals, lactating individuals, or persons of childbearing age planning to conceive. Also assessed was whether contraception had to be deemed adequate prior to enrollment.ResultsThe literature search returned 681 articles. Following independent analysis and agreement of two reviewers, 8 pregnancy related DBS articles were included for analysis. These articles described 27 subjects, 29 pregnancies (2 with subsequent pregnancies), and 31 infants (2 twin pregnancies). There was 1 preterm birth at 35 weeks, and 3 patients who experienced discomfort from the DBS battery (i.e., impulse generator) placement site. All 27 patients had a DBS device implanted before they became pregnant, which remained in use throughout their pregnancy. There was exclusion of pregnant individuals from 68% of 135 interventional trials involving DBS. Approximately 44% of these trials excluded persons of childbearing age not on “adequate contraception” or wishing to conceive in the coming years. Finally, 22% excluded breastfeeding persons.ConclusionThe data from 29 pregnancies receiving DBS treatment during pregnancy was not associated with unexpected pregnancy or post-partum complication patterns. Many clinical trials have excluded pregnant individuals. Documentation of outcomes in larger numbers of pregnancies will help clarify the safety profile and will help guide study designs that will safely include pregnant patients. (shrink)

Escuela neoclásica del derecho natural o la nueva teoría del derecho natural - La discusión conceptual y metodológica de Finnis con el positivismo jurídico y la jurisprudencia analítica - Supuestos gnoseológicos para la definición de la ley natural - Definición de los principios básicos de la ley natural - La definición del sistema jurídico - Derivación de la ley humana a partir de la ley natural - La recepción crítica de la obra de Finnis.

El artículo expone la justicia como un problema político desde la perspectiva del filósofo John Rawls. En su desarrollo se señalan las implicaciones del constructivismo kantiano en el constructivismo político rawlsiano. Se discute cómo la conexión entre estos dos tipos de constructivismo, proporciona un procedimiento de construcción, en el que agentes racionalmente autónomos, sujetos a condiciones razonables, elaboran acuerdos sobre principios públicos de justicia para lograr un sistema justo de cooperación que trascienda generacionalmente. Se concluye, mostrando las limitaciones y (...) alcances de esta propuesta en el pensamiento filosófico y político contemporáneo. (shrink)

This paper shows, from the ontology and the philosophy of language, a series of characteristics of social sciences that proves the conceptual impossibility to join them with natural sciences as a unique science. Philosophical characteristics of social science's subjects , such as some features of the language that defines the social reality, illustrate that the structure of conceptual scheme of social sciences is, largely, incommensurable with the structure of natural sciences. So the text tries to explain, especially from the philosophical (...) theses of John Searle, that the ontology of social sciences and the linguistic schemes in which is described and through which becomes the social reality, exhibit features that make about it unapproachable by natural sciences. The final objective around the over-documented methodological distinction between social and natural sciences, is to show reasons from ontology and philosophy of language for arguing the conceptual impossibility, but not methodological, for comparing both kinds of knowledge. El siguiente texto muestra desde la ontología y la filosofía del lenguaje una serie de características de las ciencias sociales que al contrastarse con las ciencias naturales prueban la imposibilidad conceptual de conglomerarlas en una única ciencia. Las características filosóficas de los objetos de estudio de las ciencias sociales , así como ciertos rasgos del lenguaje que definen la realidad social, ilustra que la estructura del esquema conceptual de las ciencias sociales es, en buena medida, inconmensurable con el de las ciencias naturales. Así, el texto intenta mostrar, en especial desde propuesta del filósofo John Searle, que la ontología de las ciencias sociales, así como los esquemas lingüísticos en los que se describe y deviene la realidad social, exhiben rasgos que la hacen inabordable por las ciencias naturales. Lo que se espera aportar en torno a la muy documentada distinción metodológica entras ciencias sociales y ciencias naturales, son razones de naturaleza ontológica y desde la filosofía del lenguaje que argumentan la imposibilidad ya no metodológica, sino conceptual, de cotejar estos dos tipos de saber. (shrink)

El trabajo pretende continuar con la pregunta en torno al papel de la democracia y su funcionalidad en la economía de mercado. Lo nuevo a desarrollar bajo este interrogante, es trasladar la reflexión al ámbito del socialismo y específicamente a lo que se ha denominado el socialismo de mercado. La aspiración es presentar los desarrollos teóricos en torno al denominado socialismo de mercado, y cómo desde allí se ha estructurado un concepto de democracia que adquiere validez desde el reconocimiento de (...) las llamadas libertades reales y no solo formales. Este debate nos traslada a un escenario teórico particular, el de los denominados marxistas analíticos, el cual se ha sometido a una amplia discusión tanto desde sus defensores como desde sus detractores. Por esta razón retomo a varios autores relevantes en esta corriente teórica como son: John Roemer, Adam Przeworki y Philippe Van Parijs, con el ánimo de hacer una presentación analítica de la idea de mercado, democracia y socialismo. A modo de consideraciones finales, se pretenden dejar algunos delineamientos críticos, en aras del debate académico, que se han hecho a estas acepciones teóricas, en términos de la equiparación analítica que se hace entre individualismo metodológico y colectivismo metodológico. Igualmente sobre el no-reconocimiento de una neutralidad del mercado; y la validación que se hace de la aplicación de modelos socialdemócratas. (shrink)

El artículo problematiza el abordaje de la ética en la investigación en psicología con infancias en el siglo XX y su articulación con los códigos y principios éticos. Se elaboran tres puntos de inflexión con la literatura en la materia, a saber: (1) un cuestionamiento en la producción de universales que ponen siempre la exclusión de un singular susceptible de ser sometido a suplicio, (2) desplazamiento de la idea de que existe una buena y una mala lectura de los documentos (...) prescriptivos para instalar un énfasis en la multiplicidad de lecturas y usos que se desprenden de los marcos legales, normativos, deontológicos y heurísticos; y (3) una observación de la figura del investigador realzando su carácter marcado en una posición dentro de dinámicas socio-histórico-materiales. Son abordados dos casos de experimentación con infancias en psicología, correspondientes al caso del Pequeño Albert por John B. Watson y Raslie Rayner en 1920, y el protocolo experimental de la Situación Extraña realizado en la década de 1970 por Mary Ainsworth y que fue la base de la Teoría del Apego inventada por John Bowlby. Se concluyen una serie de desafíos para la formación en ética de la investigación en psicología que exceden los márgenes de un enfoque centrado en el conocimiento y manejo de marcos legales, normativos, deontológicos y heurísticos para la resolución de dilemas éticos. (shrink)

This chapter discusses Dewey's role in the development of post-revolutionary Mexican social theory since at least the 1950s. One such example is that of historian Ramón Ruíz who argued in 1961 that Dewey's Mexican students Moisés Sáenz and Rafael Ramírez had adopted Deweyan ethics as part of a grand experiment to construct a rural school system capable of solving “the everyday problems of rural Mexicans.”.

Habits are the topic of a venerable history of research that extends back to antiquity, yet they were originally disregarded by the cognitive sciences. They started to become the focus of interdisciplinary research in the 1990s, but since then there has been a stalemate between those who approach habits as a kind of bodily automatism or as a kind of mindful action. This implicit mind-body dualism is ready to be overcome with the rise of interest in embodied, embedded, extended, and (...) enactive (4E) cognition. We review the enactive approach and highlight how it moves beyond the traditional stalemate by integrating both autonomy and sense-making into its theory of agency. It defines a habit as an adaptive, precarious, and self-sustaining network of neural, bodily, and interactive processes that generate dynamical sensorimotor patterns. Habits constitute a central source of normativity for the agent. We identify a potential shortcoming of this enactive account with respect to bad habits, since self-maintenance of a habit would always be intrinsically good. Nevertheless, this is only a problem if, following the mainstream perspective on habits, we treat habits as isolated modules. The enactive approach replaces this atomism with a view of habits as constituting an interdependent whole on whose overall viability the individual habits depend. Accordingly, we propose to define a bad habit as one whose expression, while positive for itself, significantly impairs a person’s well-being by overruling the expression of other situationally relevant habits. We end by considering implications of this concept of bad habit for psychological and psychiatric research, in particular with respect to addiction research. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that, under a specific set of circumstances, designing and employing certain kinds of virtual reality (VR) experiences can be unethical. After a general discussion of simulations and their ethical context, we begin our argu-ment by distinguishing between the experiences generated by different media (text, film, computer game simulation, and VR simulation), and argue that VR experiences offer an unprecedented degree of what we call “perspectival fidelity” that prior modes of simulation lack. Additionally, we argue that (...) when VR experiences couple this perspectival fidelity with what we call “context realism,” VR experiences have the ability to produce “virtually real experiences.” We claim that virtually real experiences generate ethical issues for VR technologies that are unique to the medium. Because subjects of these experiences treat them as if they were real, a higher degree of ethical scrutiny should be applied to any VR scenario with the potential to generate virtually real experiences. To mitigate this unique moral hazard, we propose and defend what we call “The Equivalence Principle.” This principle states that “if it would be wrong to allow subjects to have a certain experience in reality, then it would be wrong to allow subjects to have that experience in a virtually real setting.” We argue that such a principle, although limited in scope, should be part of the risk analysis conducted by any Institutional Review Boards, psychologists, empirically oriented philosophers, or game designers who are using VR technology in their work. (shrink)

Informed consent forms have been useful in clinical practice and they constitute a part of the shared decision making in the informed consent process. They provide information to patients about clinical procedures and techniques. They also act as a remainder of the information discussed after the medical interview. Sometimes these documents are not readable to everybody. Belgian law specifies that all information that patients receive has to be proportionate verbally, but written information is also handled. The present research analyzes the (...) readability of the Flemish informed consent forms located in the webs of all General Hospitals using a simple random sample of 75 informed consent forms. By using the Douma tool, which bases its analysis in the length of words and sentences, the readability mean of the sample was 46, level “Difficult”. The 59% of them had a difficult level. The 11% were normal. It is a fact, then, that the 59% of the informed consent forms evaluated in this study are not suitable for everybody in Flanders, especially those people with low literacy. There were some researches made in other countries that agreed with these results. Written clinical information was poorly written so the informed consent forms were not working helping patients to recall information nor helping patients to become a part in the shared decision making about their health. The use of readability formulas represented a simple way to discriminate those informed consent forms that had normal readability scores from those that should be adapted. (shrink)

Among the most animating debates in eighteenth-century British ethics was the debate over psychological egoism, the view that our most basic desires are self-interested. An important episode in that debate, less well known than it should be, was the exchange between Francis Hutcheson and John Clarke of Hull. In the early editions of his Inquiry into Virtue, Hutcheson argued ingeniously against psychological egoism; in his Foundation of Morality, Clarke argued ingeniously against Hutcheson’s arguments. Later, Hutcheson attempted new arguments against (...) psychological egoism, designed to overcome Clarke’s objections. This article examines the exchange between these philosophers. Its conclusion, influenced partly by Clarke, is that psychological egoism withstands Hutcheson’s arguments. This is not to belittle those arguments—indeed, they are among the most resourceful and plausible of their kind. The fact that egoism withstands them is thus not a mere negative result, but a stimulus to consider carefully the ways in which progress in this area may be possible. (shrink)

In the last 5 years, the controversy about whether or not gauge transformations can be empirically significant has intensified. On the one hand, Greaves and Wallace developed a framework according to which, under some circumstances, gauge transformations can be empirically significant—and Teh further supported this result by using the constrained Hamiltonian formalism. On the other hand, Friederich claims to have proved that gauge transformation can never be empirically significant. In this article, I accomplish two tasks. First, I argue that there (...) are strong reasons to resist Friederich’s proof because one of its assumptions is, at the very least, highly controversial. Second, I argue that despite criticism by Brading and Brown and Friederich, ‘t Hooft’s beam-splitter experiment is indeed a concrete example of a case where a local gauge symmetry has empirical significance. By shedding light on these two points, this article shows that recent arguments that claim gauge transformations cannot be empirically significant are not satisfactory. (shrink)

Burnout is characterized by emotional exhaustion and caused by exposure to excessive and prolonged stress related to job conditions. Moreover, burnout is highly prevalent among health care professionals. The aim of this study is, first, to examine the mediating role of social support over the effect of burnout in health care professionals and, second, to explore potential gender differences. A convenience sample of 1,035 health professionals from Ecuador, including 608 physicians and 427 nurses, was surveyed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, (...) Social Support Survey, and General Health Questionnaire as measures of burnout, social support, and general health, respectively. Social support was found to mediate the negative effects of burnout on health regardless of gender. Differences across the three dimensions of burnout and health are further discussed, along with their implications for designing effective burnout interventions for health care professionals in Ecuador. (shrink)

El término competencias profesionales se define en la actualidad, como la posesión por parte del individuo de los conocimientos, destrezas y actitudes necesarias para realizar su actividad. El actual estudio tiene como objetivo profundizar en el análisis de la literatura sobre las competencias profesionales con un enfoque de formación y desarrollo de la expresión escrita en las universidades médicas. Con la revisión documental, se corroboró que en estas instituciones, el tratamiento de los contenidos de los programas de las asignaturas, no (...) garantizan el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales, atendiendo a que los currículos están diseñados por habilidades lo que trae como resultado que sus egresados no cuenten con el desarrollo adecuado de tales competencias, en particular las que garantizan la práctica afectiva de la expresión escrita. Professional competencies are currently defined as an individual's knowledge, skills and attitudes required to work in a specific profession. The current study aimed to further examine the literature related to professional skills with a focus on the development of writing in medical universities. Through document review, it was confirmed that in these institutions, the syllabi do not ensure the development of professional competencies since curricula are skills based. This in turn hinders the proper development of professional competencies, particularly those that guarantee strong writing practices. (shrink)

The article explains and advocates in favor of Quentin Meillassoux’s proposal of “irreligious philosophy” or “philosophical irreligion”, that is, of a third position between religion and atheism that defends the conception of a nonexistent God and a God to come, as well as an ethical-philosophical recovery of the notions of hope, immortality, justice, and divinity. With references to different thinkers in the history of philosophy, we seek to frame the meaning and value of Meillassoux’s conception. After a brief exposition of (...) his philosophy, the critical-philosophical recovery of basic religious concepts is carried out in successive sections, to conclude with a brief exposition of Meillassoux’s refutation of “nihilism”, an important philosophical task like none in our time. (shrink)

En este artículo se parte del planteamiento de Merleau-Ponty del cuerpo como una existencia ambigua, que no se puede reducir a un mero sujeto o a una mera cosa. Esto lleva a explorar el cuerpo desde ambas perspectivas. En primer lugar, se analiza el cuerpo como un objeto producto de las representaciones del capitalismo cognitivo y del sistema farmacopornográfico de poder descrito por Paul Beatriz Preciado. En segundo lugar, se analiza el cuerpo como sujeto, como elemento que posibilita la acción (...) política, a partir de las reflexiones que han realizado Judith Butler y Jacques Rancière en torno al cuerpo vulnerable y al cuerpo estético, respectivamente. De esta manera, se encuentra que si bien el cuerpo se encuentra atravesado por los diferentes dispositivos de poder del capitalismo contemporáneo, así mismo en este se encuentra la potencialidad de resistencia y emancipación frente a estos mecanismos. (shrink)

This paper considers three horary quadrants of strikingly similar design and underlying mode of conception. Two are dated, 1398 and 1399, while the third, undated instrument can now be dated for the first time with some certainty to 1400. The parameters used in their construction are analysed, and the latitude for which they were made is elucidated. This shows that all three were made for use in London or southern England. One of the three, dated 1399, has previously been attributed (...) to the patronage of Richard II, King of England, by virtue of the badge decorating the quadrant. The badge on the second quadrant, dated 1398, for a long time also associated with Richard II, has now been established to have been used by Richard's half brother, John Holland, Duke of Exeter. The third quadrant undoubtedlybelongs to the group, but cannot be assigned to the patronage of any individual. (shrink)

Este artículo sostiene que la exacerbación autoritaria y totalitaria del capitalismo, en la primera mitad del siglo xx, tuvo su origen en la crisis experimentada por el capitalismo de libre mercado, debido a dinámicas propias de la sociedad liberal. El resultado fue una masiva violación de los derechos humanos liberales que habían posibilitado la consolidación y legitimación del propio capitalismo de libre mercado. De esta manera, en el texto se esboza que a la sociedad liberal moderna le es inherente una (...) tendencia autoritaria, vinculada a la dinámica inestable y propensa tendencia a la crisis de la reproducción del capital. Este rasgo estructural es ilustrado con los debates de la Escuela de Frankfurt sobre el fin del capitalismo liberal. Y dentro de este horizonte general, se sigue con especial detalle el análisis crítico que Franz Neumann realiza, en tensión con “la tesis del capitalismo de Estado” de Friedrich Pollock, sobre el devenir totalitario de la República de Weimar. (shrink)